When applying for credit, such as a mortgage, individuals may encounter an unpleasant surprise: a credit report showing seriously delinquent bills. Most people don’t think twice about the heaps of financial paperwork and personal history stored by consumer reporting agencies until they face an unexpected denial on a credit card or auto loan application, a refusal for an apartment, or an increase in insurance premiums.
The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 offers protection against potential harm from third-party reports. It grants consumers the right to know the contents of their files upon request and requires that any inaccurate information be deleted or corrected.
Credit bureaus and investigative reporting agencies prepare consumer reports, both of which are regulated by law. Credit bureaus gather objective financial data used by bankers, retailers, credit card issuers, and landlords. Credit reports contain a vast amount of sensitive information such as data provided by creditors and obtained from public records, such as tax liens, bankruptcy details, outstanding loans, and credit card history, including credit limits, purchases, balances, and payment records.
Investigative reporting agencies, however, tend to delve deeper. These agencies are typically hired by insurance companies evaluating significant risk or by employers vetting candidates for important or responsible positions. Their reports provide a subjective assessment of an individual’s lifestyle and character. Investigators may reach out to employers and even neighbors to answer questions such as: Is the applicant engaged in a hazardous job? Do they have dangerous hobbies? Are there any indications of drug problems? Individuals concerned about the accuracy of this information can find out what’s in their credit file or investigative report for a nominal fee, typically around $20. To determine which credit bureaus operate in your area, try a quick web search or consult your bank or a trusted financial institution.
It is important to know that companies that commission an investigative report are required to inform the subject when a report has been completed. To find out which agency prepared the report, simply ask the company that requested it. If the report affects credit approval or a loan, the applicant has the right to know the ‘nature and substance’ of the information at no cost.
The creditor requesting the information must disclose the firm that prepared the report, including its address. If there is incorrect information, the agency must reinvestigate and either confirm, correct, or delete it. Even if the information is accurate, brief explanations of extenuating circumstances can be added. Consumers can access lists of everyone who received their files in the past six months, or two years if used for employment. If corrections are needed, the reporting agency can send updated versions to all requesting parties.
If a credit bureau or investigative agency is uncooperative, writing to the Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Consumer Protection in Washington, DC, or your state Attorney General’s office may help expedite the process.
Vigilant consumers can create accounts with each of the credit bureaus—TransUnion, Equifax, and Experian—to regularly review their credit reports. It is recommended to request a full credit report from each agency at least annually. Most of these agencies offer free access, which can be helpful for ensuring accuracy and managing your credit score.